The Aquatic Environment and Pharmaceutical Products- A Review
Downloads
In recent decades, more and more pharmaceutical products exist in the nature. In many parts of the Globe, and especially close to urban areas, medicines have been presented in surface waters, groundwaters and soils. This is related to the growth in the utilisation of medicine and the development of analytical detection techniques in order determination of these traces of compounds in the environment. Pharmaceuticals reach the nature through the discharge of effluents from urban waste water treatment plants, the discharge of effluents from hospitals and drug factories, the using of sewage sludge in agriculture, the breeding of herbivorous animals, the treatment of pets, the spreading of manure and aquaculture, the improper disposal in landfills of unused pharmaceutical substances and contaminated waste. Researches showed that pharmaceutical products and residues are mainly present in water bodies and that they are partly eliminated by conventional wastewater treatment plants, which currently cannot effectively filter all pharmaceuticals.
Aherne G, Briggs R (1989) the Relevance of the Presence of Certain Synthetic Steroids in the Aquatic Environment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 41: 735−736.
Al Aukidy M, Verlicchi P, Jelic A, Petrovic M, Barcelò D (2012) Monitoring release of pharmaceutical compounds: occurrence and environmental risk assessment of two WWTP effluents and their receiving bodies in the Po Valley, Italy. Sci Total Environ., 438: 15-25
Al-Maadheed I, Goktepe ABA, Latiff BS (2019) Antibiotics in hospital effluent and domestic wastewater treatment plants in Doha, Qatar. J. Water Process Eng., 28: 60-68.
Anlas C, Ustuner O (2016) Genotoxic assessment of amoxicillin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by comet assay and micronucleus test. Fresenius Environ. Bull., 25(12): 5358–5360
Ankley GT, Kahl MD, Jensen KM., et al. (2002) Evaluation of the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole in a short-term repro-duction assay with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Toxicol. Sci., 67:21–130.
Arnold K. et al. (2014) Medicating the environment: assessing risks of pharmaceuticals to wildlife and ecosystems. Phil Trans of the Roy Soc B: Biol Sci., 369/1656, http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/RSTB.2013.0569.
Ascar L, Ahumada I, Lopez A, et al. (2014) Nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory drug determination in water samples by HPLC-DAD underisocratic conditions. J. Brazil. Chem. Soc., 24:1160–1166.
Aus der Beek T, Weber FA, Bergmann A et al. (2016) Pharmaceuticals in the environment-global occurrences and perspectives. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 35:823–835.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ etc. 3339
Azuma T, Otomo K, Kunitou M et al. (2019) Environmental fate of pharmaceutical compounds and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in hospital effluents, and contributions to pollutant loads in the surface waters in Japan. Sci. Total Environ. 657:476–484.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. scito tenv. 2018. 11. 433
Barbosa IR, Nogueira AJA, Soares AMVM (2008) Acute and chronic effects of testosterone and 4-hydroxyandrostenedione to the crustacean Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 71(3): 757–764.
Barbosa MO, Moreira NF, Ribeiro AR, Pereira MF, Silva AM (2016) Occurrence and removal of organic micropollutants: An overview of the watch list of EU Decision 2015/495. Water Res., 94:257-279. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.047
Barreto A, Luis LG, Soares AMVM, et al. (2017) Genotoxicity of gemfibrozil in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Mutat Res., 821, 36-42.
Ben YJ, Fu CX, Hu M, Liu L, Whong MH, Zheng CM (2019) Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: a review. Environ Res., 168, 483-493
Beger RD, Bhattacharyya S, Yang X, et al. (2015) Translational biomarkers of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury. Arch Toxicol. 89, 1497–1522.
Bernhardt ES, Rosi EJ., Gessner MO (2017) Synthetic chemicals as agents of global change. Front in Ecol Environ., doi:10.1002/fee.1450
Bjerselius R, Lundstedt-Enkel K, Olsén H, et al. (2001) Male goldfish reproductive behavior and physiology are severely affected by exogenous exposure to 17-estradiol. Aquat Toxicol., 53, 139–152.
Borgmann U, Bennie DT, Ball AL, Palabrica V (2007) Effect of a mixture of seven pharmaceuticals on Hyalella azteca over multiple generations. Chemosphere, 66, 1278–1283.
Boulêtreau S, Cucherousset J, Villéger S, Masson R, Santoul, F (2011) Colossal aggregations of giant alien freshwater fish as a potential biogeochemical hotspot. PLoS ONE, 6, e25732.
19. Boxall AB, Rudd MA, Brooks BW ET. al. (2012) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: what are the big questions? Environ. Health Perspect. 120 (9): 1221-1229.
Brodin T, Fick J, Jonsson M., Klaminder J (2013) dilute concentrations of apsychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations. Science, 339, 814–815.
Bruhn ST (2003) Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils – a review, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 166: 145–167.
Burkina V, Zlabek V, Zamaratskaia G (2015) Effects of pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environment on Phase I metabolism in fish. Environ. Toxicol. Phar., 40(2), 430-440.
Cardoso O, Porcher JM, Sanchez W (2014) Factory-discharged pharmaceuticals could be a relevant source of aquatic environment contamination: review of evidence and need for knowledge. Chemosphere, 115:20–30.
Carlsson G, Patring J, Kreuger J, Norrgren L, Oskarsson A (2013) Toxicity of 15 veterinary pharmaceuticals in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Aquatic Toxicology, 126: 30– 41.
Carvalho IT, Santos L (2016) Antibiotics in the aquatic environments: a review of the European scenario. Environ. Int., 94: 736-757.
Chartier Y, Emmanuel J, Pieper U et al. (2014) Safe management of wastes from health-care activities, 2nd edn., World Health Organization, Geneva.
Chen S, Zhang W, Li J, et al. (2020) Ecotoxicological effects of sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones and their removal by a green alga (Chlorela vulgaris) and a cyanobacterium (Chrysosporum ovalisporum). Environ.Pollut, 263:114554.
Chung SS, Zheng JS, Burket SR, Brooks BW (2018) Select antibiotics in leachate from closed and active landfills exceed thresholds for antibiotic resistance development. Environ. Int., 115:89–96.
Civity (2017) Pharmaceutical usage in the context of demographic change: The significance of growing medication consumption in Germany for raw water resources. Civity Management Consultants.
Collard HJ, Ji K, Lee S et al. (2013) Toxicity and endocrine disruption in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and two freshwater invertebrates (Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa) after chronic exposure to mefenamic acid. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 94, 80-86.
Corcoran J, Winter CJ, Tyler CR (2010) Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a critical review of the evidence for health effects in fish. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 40, 287–30.
Crane M, Watts C, Boucard T (2006) chronic aquatic environmental risks from exposure to human pharmaceuticals. Sci. Total Environ. 367: 23–41.
Cuklev F, Kristiansson E, Fick J et al. (2011) Diclofenacin fish: blood plasma levels similar to human therapeutic levels affect global hepatic gene expression. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 30, 2126–2134.
Daughton CG, Ternes TA (1999) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change? Environ. Health Perspect. 107(6), 907-38.
De Lange HJ, Noordoven W, Murk AJ. Lürling MFLLW, Peeters, ETHM (2006) Behavioural responses of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) to low concentrations of pharmaceuticals. Aquat. Toxicol. 78:209–216.
Dinh Q, Moreau-Guigon E, Labadie P, F. Alliot F,Teil MJ, Blanchard M et al. (2017) Fate of antibiotics from hospital and domestic sources in a sewage network. Sci. Total Environ. 575:758-766.
Diniz MS, Salgado R, Pereira VJ et al. (2015) Ecotoxicity of ketoprofen, diclofenac, atenolol and their photolysis byproducts in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci. Total Environ., 505: 282–289
Dorelle LS, Da Cuña RH, Vázquez GR, et al. (2017) The SSRI fluoxetine exhibits mild effects on the reproductive axis in the cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus (Teleostei, Cichliformes). Chemosphere, 171: 370-378.
Du Y, Wang J, Zhu F, et al. (2018) Comprehensive assessment of three typical antibiotics on cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa): the impact and recovery capability. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 160:84–93.
Elizalde-Velázquez A, Martínez-Rodríguez H, Galar-Martínez M et al. (2017) Effect of amoxicillin exposure on brain, gill, liver, and kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio): the role of amoxicilloic acid. Environ Toxicol. 32:1102–1120.
Fenske M, Segner, H (2004) Aromatase modulation alters gonadal differentiation in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicol. 67(2): 105-126.
Fent K, Weston AA, Caminada D (2006) Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals. Aquat. Toxicol. 76(2), 122–159.
Ferrer M, C. Méndez-García C, Rojo D, Barbas C, Moya A (2017) Antibiotic use and microbiome function. Biochem. Pharmacol. 134: 114-126.
Foran CM, Weston J, Slattery M, et al. (2004) Reproductive assessment of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) following a four-week fluoxetine (SSRI) exposure. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 46, 511–517.
Galar-Martínez M, García-Medina S, Gómez-Olivan L.M, et al. (2016) Oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by ketorolac on the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Environ Toxicol., 31(9), 1035–1043
Ganiyu SO, van Hullebusch ED, Cretin M, et al. (2015) Coupling of membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes for removal of pharmaceutical residues: a critical review. Sep. Purif. Technol., 156, 891–914
Garrison AW, Pope JD, Allen FR, GC/MS (1976) Analysis of organic compounds in domestic wastewaters. In: Identification and analysis of organic pollutants in water. Ann. Arbor. Science Publishers, an Arbo MI., 517–556.
Giri P, Pal C (2014) Ecotoxicological aspects of pharmaceuticals on aquatic Environment. American Journal of Drug Discovery. 1:10-24
González-Pleiter M, Gonzalo S, Rodea-Palomares I, et al. (2013) Toxicity of five antibiotics and their mixtures towards photosynthetic aquatic organisms: implications for environmental risk assessment. Water Res., 47:2050–2064.
Gröner F, Ziková A, Kloas W (2015) Effects of the pharmaceuticals diclofenac and metoprolol on gene expression levels of enzymes of biotransformation, excretion pathways and estrogenicity in primary hepatocytes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol., 167, 51–57.
Grzesiuk M, Spijkerman E, Lachmann SC, Wacker A (2018) Environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals directly a effect phytoplankton and effects propagate through trophic interactions. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 156, 271–278.
52. Guiloski IC, Piancini LDS, Dagostim AC, et al. (2017a) Effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac in freshwater fish Rhamdia quelen. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2017a; 139, 291-300
53. Gutierrez-Gomes A.A, SanJuan-Reyes N, Galar-Martinez M, et al. (2016) 17β-Estradiol induced oxidative stress in brain, gill, liver, kidney and blood of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Electron J Biol., 12(1), 53–63.
54. Heberer T, Stan HJ (1997) Determination of Clofibric Acid and N-(phenylsulfonyl)-Sarcosine in Sewage, River, and Drinking Water. Int. J. Environ. An. Ch., 67, 113-124.
55. Hignite C, Azarnoff DL (1977) Drugs and drug metabolites as environmental contaminants: chlorophenoxyisobutyrate and salicyclic acid in sewage water effluent. Life Sciences, 20(2), 337-341.
56. Hinfray N, Porcher JM, Brion, F (2006) Inhibition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) P450 aromatase activities in brain and ovarian microsomes by various environmental substances. Comp. Biochem. Physiol C: Toxicol. Pharmacol. 144, 252–262.
57. Hossain A, Nakamichi S, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Tani K, Masunaga S, Matsuda H (2017) Occurrence, distribution, ecological and resistance risk of antibiotics in surface water of finfish and shellfish aquaculture in Bangladesh. Chemosphere, 188:329-336
58. Huggett DB, Brooks BW, Peterson B, et al. (2002) Toxicity of select beta adrenergic receptor-blocking pharmaceuticals (b-blockers) on aquatic organisms. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 2, 229–23.
59. Islas-Flores H, Gómez-Oliván LM, Galar-Martínez M, et al. (2013) Diclofenac-induced oxidative stress in brain, liver, gill and blood of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 92: 32–38.
Iwamatsu T, Toya Y, Sakai N, et al. (1993) Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on steroidogenesis and oocyte maturation in pre-ovulatory follicles of the medaka Oryzias latipes. Dev. Growth Differ., 35:625–630.
Jelic A, Gros M, Ginebreda A, Cespedes-Sànchez R, Ventura F, Petrovic M, et al. (2011) Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment. Water Research, 45(3):1165-1176.
Ji X, Shen Q , Liu F, Ma J, Xu G, Wang Y, Wu M (2012) Antibiotic resistance gene abundances associated with antibiotics and heavy metals in animal manures and agricultural soils adjacent to feedlots in Shanghai; China. J. Hazard Mater., 235, 178-185
Jiang X, Zhu Y, Liu L, Fan X, Bao Y, Deng S, Cui Y, Cagnetta G, Huang J, Yu G (2021) Occurrence and variations of pharmaceuticals and personal-care products in rural water bodies: A case study of the Taige Canal (2018–2019) Sci. Total Environ., 762
Katsikaros AG, Chrysikopoulos CV (2020) Estimation of urine volume in municipal sewage originating from patients receiving antibiotics at a private clinic in Crete Greece. Sci. Total Environ., Article 134858
Khan AH, Abdul Aziz H, Khan NA, Ahmed S, Mehtab MS, Vambol S, et al., Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern in hospital wastewater: Removal of Ibuprofen and Ofloxacin drugs using MBBR method. Inter J Environ Anal Chem., 2020; 19:1-5.
Khan AH, Aziz HA, Khan NA, Hasan MA, Ahmed S, Farooqi IH, et al. (2021) Impact, disease outbreak and the eco-hazards associated with pharmaceutical residues: A Critical review. Inter. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 10:1-2.
Kovalakova P, Cizmas L, McDonald TJ, et al. (2020) Occurrence and toxicity of antibiotics in the aquatic environment: a review. Chemosphere, 251:126351.
Kumar R, Sarmah AK, Padhye LP (2019) Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a wastewater treatment plant with parallel secondary wastewater treatment train. J. Environ. Manage. 233: 649-659.
Kümmerer K (2009) Antibiotics in the aquatic environment - a review - part I. Chemosphere, 75: 417–434.
Küster A, Adler N (2014) Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Scientific evidence of risks and its regulation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 369, 20130587.
La Farré M, Pérez S, Kantiani L, Barceló D (2008) Fate and toxicity of emerging pollutants, their metabolites and transformation products in the aquatic environment. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 27, 991-1007.
Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJRO, et al. (2018) The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. The Lancet, 391(10119): 462–512.
Launay MA, Dittmer U, Steinmetz H, Organic micropollutants discharged by combined sewer overflows—characterisation of pollutant sources and stormwater-related processes. Water Res., 2016; 104:82–92.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. watres. 2016. 07. 068
Li B, Zhang T (2011) Mass flows and removal of antibiotics in two municipal sewage treatment plants. Chemosphere, 83 (9), 1284–1289.
Li Y, Zhang L, Ding J, Liu X (2020) Prioritization of pharmaceuticals in water environment in China based on environmental criteria and risk analysis of top-priority pharmaceuticals. J. Environ. Manag., 253
Li L, Zhao X, Liu D, Song K, Liu Q, He Y (2021) Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of PPCPs in typical inflow rivers of Taihu lake China. J. Environ. Manag., 285
Li ZH, Zlabek V, Velisek J, Grabic R, Machova J, Kolarova J, Li P, Randak T (2011) acute toxicity of carbamazepine to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects
on antioxidant responses, hematological parameters and hepatic EROD. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 74, 319–327.
Lindim C, van Gils J, Cousins I, Kühne R, Georgieva D, Kutsarova S, Mekenyan O (2017) Model-Predicted Occurrence of Multiple Pharmaceuticals in Swedish Surface Waters and Their Flushing to the Baltic Sea. Environ. Pollut., 223, 595−604
Lister A., Van der Kraak G, An investigation into the role of prostaglandins in zebrafish oocyte maturation and ovulation. Gen Compara Endocrinol., 2008; 159, 46–57.
Liu J, Lu G, Wu D, Yan Z (2014a) A multi-biomarker assessment of single and com-bined effects of norfloxacin and sulfamethoxazole on male goldfish (Carassius auratus). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 102, 12–17.
Liu J, Lu G, Wang Y, et al. (2014c) Bioconcentra-tion, metabolism, and biomarker responses in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to roxithromycin. Chemosphere, 99, 102–108.
Liu J, Lu G, Yang H, et al. (2016) Bioconcentration and metabolism of ketoconazole and effects on multi-biomarkers in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Chemosphere, 150, 145–151.
83. Łukaszewicz P, Maszkowska J, Mulkiewicz E, et al. (2016) Impact of veterinary pharmaceuticals on the agricultural environment: a re-inspection. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ 398
Łukaszewicz P, Białk-Bielińska A, Dołżonek J et al. (2018) A new approach for the extraction of tetracyclines from soil matrices: application of the microwave-extraction technique. Anal Bioanal Chem., 410:1697–1707.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s00216- 017- 0815-7
Madikizela LM, Ncube S, Chimuka L (2020) Analysis, occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in African water resources: A current status. J. Environ. Manag. 253:109741.
Maheshwari M, Yaser NH, Naz S, Fatima M, Ahmad I (2016) Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enteric bacteria in hospital wastewater and clinical sources. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist., 5: 22-25.
Matthiessen P, Allen Y, Bamber S, et al. (2002) the impact of oestrogenic and androgenic contamination on marine organisms in the United Kingdom–summary of the EDMAR programme. Endocrine dis disruption in the marine environment. Mar. Environ. Res., 54, 645–649.
McArdell CS, Molnar E, Suter MJ, Giger W (2003) Occurrence and fate of macrolide antibiotics in sewage treatment plants and in the Glatt Valley watershed, Switzerland. Environ. Scie. & Technol., 37 (24), 5479–5486
89. McGill MR, Williams CD, Xie Y, et al. (2021) Acetaminophen-induced liver injury in rats and mice: comparison of protein adducts, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in the mechanism of toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 264, 387–394.
Melvin S.D (2017) Effect of antidepressants on circadian rhythms in fish: insights and implications regarding the design of behavioural toxicity tests. Aquat. Toxicol. 182: 20-30.
Mennigen JA, Lado W, Zamora JM, et al. (2010) Waterborne fluoxetine disrupts the reproductive axis in sexually mature male goldfish, Carassius auratus. Aquat Toxicol., 100: 354-364.
Minagh E, Hernan R, O’Rourke K, Lyng FM, Davoren M (2009) Aquatic ecotoxicity of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline hydrochloride in a battery of freshwater test species. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 72(2): 434–440.
Mitani K, Kataoka H (2006) Determination of fluoroquinolones in environmental waters by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 562:16–22.
Morosini C, Poste E, Mostachetti M, Torretta V (2020) Pharmaceuticals in water cycle: a review on risk assessment and wastewater and sludge treatment. Environ. Eng. Manag. J., 19 (8): 1339–1378.
Mousel D, Bastian D, Firk J, Palmowski L, Pinnekamp J (2021) Removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater of health care facilities. Scie. Total Environ., 751:141310.
Musson SE, Townsend TG (2009) Pharmaceutical compound content of municipal solid waste. J. Hazard Mater., 162:730–735.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jhazm at. 2008. 05. 089
Nassef M, Matsumoto S, Seki M, et al. (2010) acute effects of triclosan, diclofenac and carbamazepine on feeding performance of Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). Chemosphere, 80: 1095–1100.
Neil W, Noemie N, Nguyen-Ngoc H, et al. (2009) Adverse effects of enrofloxacin when associated with environmental stress in Tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypothalmus). Chemosphere, 77:1577–1584.
99. Nkoom M, Lu G, Liu J, Yang H, Dong H (2019) Bioconcentration of the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine and its physiological and biochemical effects on Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 172: 11-18.
Norpoth K, Nehrkorn A, Kirchner M, Holsen H, Teipel H (1973) Studies on the problem of solubility and stability of steroid ovulation inhibitors in water, wastewater and activated sludge. Zentralb. Bacteriol. Orig. B., 156:500–511
Nunes B (2015a) How to answer the question — are drugs real threats to biological systems or overrated innocuous chemicals? IN: Andreazza AC, Scola G, (Eds.), Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment. InTech Europe, Rijeka, Croatia, (chapter 6): 129-152.
Nunes B, Carvalho F, Guilhermino L (2004) Acute and chronic effects of clofibrate and clofibric acid overGambusia holbrooki. Chemosphere, 57: 1581 –1589.
Nunes B, Antunes SC, Gomes R, et al. (2015c) acute effects of tetracycline exposure in the freshwater fish Gambusia holbrooki: antioxidant effects, neurotoxicity and histological alterations. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 68:371–381.
Nunes B, Gaio AR, Carvalho F, Guilhermino L (2008) Behaviour and biomarkers of oxidative stress in Gambusia holbrooki after acute exposure to widely used pharmaceuticals and a detergent. Ecotox. Environ. Seif. 71(2): 341–354.
Oaks J.L., Gilbert M., Virani M.Z., et al. (2004) Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature, 427 (6975) : 630–633.
O’Brien E, Dietrich DR (2004) Hindsight Rather Than Foresight: Reality versus the EU Draft Guideline on Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. Trends Biotechnol. 22:326−330.
OECD (2019). Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater: Hazards and Policy Responses. Defining the challenge of managing pharmaceuticals in water.
Ogueji EO, Nwani CD, Iheanacho SC, Mbah CE, Okeke CO, Yaji A (2018) Acute toxicity e
ects of ibuprofen on behaviour and haematological parameters of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Afr. J. Aquat. Sci., 43: 293–303.
109. Ogueji EO, Iheanacho SC, Nwani CD, et al. (2017) Toxicity of diazepam on lipid peroxidation, biochemical and oxidative stress indicators on liver and gill tissues of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Int. J. Fish Aquat. Stud., 5(3): 114-123.
Oliveira R, McDonough S, Ladewig JC, et al. (2013) Effects of oxytetracycline and amoxicillin on development and biomarkers activities of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 36(3): 903– 912.
Örn S, Yamani S, Norrgren L (2006) Comparison of vitellogenin induction, sex ratio, and gonad morphology between zebrafish and Japanese medaka after exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol and 17β- trenbolone. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51(2): 237-243.
Oshima Y, Kang IJ, Kobayashi M, et al. (2003) Suppression of sexual behavior in male Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to 17-estradiol. Chemosphere, 50: 429–436.
Patel M, Kumar R, Kishor K, et al. (2019) Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern in aquatic systems: chemistry, occurrence, effects, and removal methods. Chem. Rev., 119:3510–3673. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1021/ acs. chemr ev. 8b002 99
Pawlowski AC, Wang W, Koteva K, Barton HA, McArthur AG, Wright GD (2016) A diverse intrinsic antibiotic resistome from a cave bacterium. Nat. Commun., 7: 13803.
Petrie B, Camacho-Munoz D (2020) Analysis, fate and toxicity of chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in wastewaters and the environment: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s10311- 020- 01065-y
Pham-Duc P, Cook MA, Cong-Hong H, Nguyen-Thuy H, Padungtod P, Nguyen-Thi H, et al. (2019) Knowledge, attitudes and practices of livestock and aquaculture producers regarding antimicrobial use and resistance in Vietnam. PLoS ONE, 14(9): e0223115.
Polianciuc SI, Gurzau AE, Kiss B, et al. (2020) Antibiotics in the environment: causes and consequences. Med. Pharm. Rep., 93:231–240.
Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H (2017) Mechanisms of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and their translation to the human pathophysiology. J. Clin. Transl. Res., 3:157-169.
119. Ramos AS, Correia AT, Antunes SC, et al. (2014) Effect of acetaminophen exposure in Oncorhynchus mykiss gills and liver: Detoxification mechanisms, oxidative defence system and peroxidative damage. Environ. Toxicology Phar., 37: 1221–1228.
120. Ribas JL, da Silva CA, de Andrade L, et al. (2014) Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs in primary kidney cell culture of a freshwater fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 40: 296–303.
121. Richardson ML, Bowron JM (1985) The fate of pharmaceutical chemicals in the aquatic environment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 37, 1-12.
122. Richardson SD, Ternes TA (2014) Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal. Chem., 86:2813–2848.
123. Rizzo L, Malato S, Antakyali D, Beretsou VG, Đolić MB, Gernjak W, et al. (2019) Consolidated vs new advanced treatment methods for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern from urban wastewater. Scie. Total Environ., 655:986-1008.
124. Rodrigues S, Antunes SC, Correia T, Nunes B (2016) Acute and chronic effects of erythromycin exposure on oxidative stress and genotoxicity parameters of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Sci. Total Environ., 545–546, 591–600.
125. Rout PR, Zhang TC, Bhunia P, Surampalli RY (2021) Treatment technologies for emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment plants: A review. Sci. Total Environ., 753:141990.
126. Ruhoy IS, Daughton CG (2008) Beyond the medicine cabinet: An analysis of where and why medications accumulate. Environment International, 34(8):1157-1169.
127. Santos LH, Araújo AN, Fachini A, et al. (2010) Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. J. Hazard Mater., 175(1-3), 45-95.
128. Santos L, Ramos F (2018) Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: current knowledge and alternatives to tackle the problem. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 52:135–143. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. ijant imicag. 2018. 03. 010
129. Saravanan M, Hur J.H, Arul N, Ramesh M (2014) Toxicological effects of clofibric acid and diclofenac on plasma thyroid hormones of an Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala during short and long-term exposures. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 38: 948-958.
Saravanan M, Karthika S, Malarvizhi A, Ramesh M (2011) Ecotoxicological impacts of clofibric acid and diclofenac in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings: Hematological, biochemical, ionoregulatory and enzymological responses. J. Hazard Mater., 195: 188–194.
Saravanan M, Ramesh M (2013) Short and long-term effects of clofibric acid and diclofenac on certain biochemical and ionoregulatory responses in an Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala. Chemosphere, 93: 388-396.
Saucedo-Vence K, Dublán-García O, López-Martínez L, et al. (2015) Short and long-term exposure to diclofenac alter oxidative stress status in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Ecotoxicology, 24(3): 527–539.
Scaria J, Anupama KV, Nidheesh PV (2021) Tetracyclines in the environment: an overview on the occurrence, fate, toxicity, detection, removal methods, and sludge management. Sci. Total Environ., 771
Schmidt W, Rainville LC, McEneff G, Sheehan D, Quinn B (2014) A proteomic evaluation of the effects of the pharmaceuticals diclofenac and gemfibrozil on marine mussels (Mytilus spp.): evidence for chronic sublethal effects on stress-response proteins. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6: 210–219.
Schoenfuss HL, Levitt JT, Van der Craak G, et al. (2002) Ten-week exposure to treated sewage discharge has relatively minor, variable effects on reproductive behavior and sperm production in goldfish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21: 2185–2190.
Schwaiger J, Ferling H, Mallow U, et al. (2004) Toxic effects of the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug diclofenac. Part I: Histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol. 68(2) :141–150.
Shi Y, Liu J, Zhuo L, Yan X, Cai F, Luo W, Ren M, Liu Q, Yu Y (2020) Antibiotics in wastewater from multiple sources and surface water of the Yangtze River in Chongqing in China. Environ. Monit. Assess. 192 (3), 159.
138. Servadio JL, Deere JR, Jankowski MD, Ferrey M, Isaac EJ, Chenaux-Ibrahim Y, Primus A, Convertino M, Phelps NBD, Streets S, Travis DA, Moore S, Wolf TM (2021) Anthropogenic factors associated with contaminants of emerging concern detected in inland Minnesota lakes (Phase II). Sci. Total Environ., 772.
Stepnowski P, Wolecki D, Puckowski A et al. (2020) Anti-inflammatory drugs in the Vistula River following the failure of the Warsaw sewage collection system in 2019. Sci. Total Environ., 745:140848.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. scito tenv. 2020. 140848
Sung HH, Chiu YW, Wang SY, Chen CM, Huang DJ (2014) acute toxicity of mixture of acetaminophen and ibuprofen to Green Neon Shrimp, Neocaridina denticulate. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 38(1): 8–13.
Tabak HH, Bloomhuff RN, Bunch RL (1981) Steroid hormones as water pollutants II. Studies on the persistence and stability of natural urinary and synthetic ovulation-inhibiting hormones in treated and untreated wastewaters. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 22:457–519.
Tabak HH, Bunch RL (1970) Steroid hormones as water pollutants. In Developments in Industrial Microbiology. Springer, New York, NY, USA, pp 367–376.
Taylor D, Senac T (2014) Human Pharmaceutical Products in the Environment−the “Problem” in Perspective. Chemosphere, 115: 95−99.
Ternes .A, Hirsch R, Mueller J, Heberer K (1998) Methods for the determination of neutral drugs as well as betablockers and beta(2)-sympathomimetics in aqueous matrices using GC/MS and LC/MS/MS. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 362, 329–340.
Thacker PD, (2005) Pharmaceutical data elude researchers. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 193A–194A
Tran NH, Gin KY (2017) Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals, hormones, personal care products, and endocrine disrupters in a full-scale water reclamation plant. Scie. Total Environ. 599:1503-1516.
Tran NH, Yew-Hoong Gin K, Ngo HH (2015b) Fecal pollution source tracking toolbox for identification, evaluation and characterization of fecal contamination in receiving urban surface waters and groundwater. Sci. Total Environ., 538:38–57.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. scito tenv. 2015. 07. 155
Triebskorn R, Casper H, Heyd A, et al. (2004) Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part II. Cytological effects in liver, kidney, gills and intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Aquat. Toxicol. 68 (2): 151-166.
Triebskorn R, Casper H, Scheil V, Schwaiger J (2007) Ultrastructural effects of pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, clofibric acid, metoprolol, diclofenac) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 387: 1405–1416.
Van Boeckel, T. et al. (2015) “Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals.”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 112/18,
Wagil M, Kumirska J, Stolte S et al. (2014) Development of sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS methods for the determination of three fluoroquinolones in water and fish tissue samples and preliminary environmental risk assessment of their presence in two rivers in northern Poland. Sci. Total Environ., 493:1006–1013.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. scito tenv. 2014. 06. 082
Wagil M, Maszkowska J, Białk-Bielińska A et al. (2015) Determination of metronidazole residues in water, sediment and fish tissue samples. Chemosphere, 119:28–34.
Wang Y, Huang H, Wu Q (2014) Characterization of the zebrafish Ugt repertoire reveals a new class of drug-metabolizing UDP glucuronosyltransferases. Mol. Pharmacol., 86(1), 62-75.
Wang X, Ma Y, Liu J, et al. (2017) Reproductive toxicity of beta-diketone antibiotic mixtures to zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 141:160–170.
Williams M, Kookana RS, Mehta A et al. (2019) Emerging contaminants in a river receiving untreated wastewater from an Indian urban centre. Sci. Total Environ. 647:1256–1265.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. scito tenv. 2018. 08. 084
Winter MJ, Owen SF, Murray-Smith R, Panter GH, Hetheridge M.J, Kinter LB (2010) Using data from drug discovery and development to aid the aquatic environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals: Concepts, considerations, and challenges. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 6, 38–51.
Xie Z, Lu G, Li S, et al. (2015) Behavioral and biochemical responses in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to sertraline. Chemosphere, 135: 146–155.
Xu H, Yang J, Wang Y, et al. (2008) Exposure to 17α-ethynylestradiol impairs reproductive functions of both male and female zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic. Toxicol. 88(1): 1-8.
Yang L, Wang T, Zhou Y, Shi B, Bi R, Meng J (2021) Contamination, source and potential risks of pharmaceuticals and personal products (PPCPs) in Baiyangdian Basin, an intensive human intervention area China. Sci. Total Environ. 760.
Yao L, Chen ZY, Dou WY, Yao ZK, Duan XC, Chen ZF, Zhang LJ, Zhao JL, Ying GG (2021) Occurrence, removal and mass loads of antiviral drugs in seven sewage treatment plants with various treatment processes. Water Research, 207, 117803.
Yin H, Xie M, Zhang L, et al. (2019) Identification of sewage markers to indicate sources of contamination: low cost options for misconnected non-stormwater source tracking in stormwater systems. Sci. Total Environ. 648:125–134.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. scito tenv. 2018. 07. 448
Yonar ME (2012) the effect of lycopene on oxytetracycline-induced oxidative stress and immunosuppression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W.). Fish Shellfish Immun., 32:994–1001.
Yonar ME, Yonar SM, Silici S (2011) Protective effect of própolis against oxidative stress and immunosuppression induced by oxytetracycline in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W.). Fish Shellfish Immun., 31:318–325.
You X, Wu D, Wei H et al. (2018) Fluoroquinolones and Β-lactam antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in autumn leachates of seven major municipal solid waste landfills in China. Environ. Int., 113:162–169.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. envint. 2018. 02. 002
Zainab SM, Junaid M, Xu N, et al. (2020) Antibiotics and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in groundwater: a global review on dissemination, sources, interactions, environmental and human health risks. Water Res., 187:116455.
Zhang Q, Li X (2007) Pharmacokinetics and residue elimination of oxytetracycline in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Aquaculture, 272:140–145.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. aquac ulture. 2007. 08. 033
Zhang JN, Chen J, Yang L, Zhang M, Yao L, Liu YS, Zhao JS, Zhang B, Ying GG (2021) Occurrence and fate of androg ENS, progestogens and glucocorticoids in two swine farms with integrated wastewater treatment systems. Water Research, 192, 116836.
Zhao R, Feng J, Yin X, et al. (2018) Antibiotic resistome in landfill leachate from different cities of China deciphered by metagenomic analysis. Water Res., 134:126–139.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. watres. 2018. 01. 063
Zhi S, Zhou J, Yang F et al. (2018) Systematic analysis of occurrence and variation tendency about 58 typical veterinary antibiotics during animal wastewater disposal processes in Tianjin, China. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 165:376–385.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. ecoenv. 2018. 08. 101
170. Zivna D, Sehonova P, Plhalova L, et al. (2015) Effect of salicylic acid on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 40:319–325.
Zou S, Xu W, Zhang R, et al. (2011) Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in coastal water of the Bohai Bay, China: impacts of river discharge and aquaculture activities. Environ. Pollut. 159:2913–2920.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. envpol. 2011. 04. 037
Zuccato C, Valenza M, Cattaneo E (2010) Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutical targets in Huntington's disease. Physiol. Rev., 90 :905-981.
All Content should be original and unpublished.
