Development of an Integrated Sustainable Electronic Waste Management System for Higher Institutions in Rivers State
Downloads
High obsolescence rate and end-of-life of electronic equipment resulting in high generation of electronic waste remains the biggest challenge with use of ICT in higher institutions. This study evaluated and developed an environmentally sound E-waste management system for higher institutions in Rivers State. The study employed research surveys in data acquisition through questionnaires, interviews and observation. Hypotheses were postulated to test areas of interest. Study indicated that institutions generate a reasonably amount of electronic/ICT wastes that are poorly managed. Desktop computers, printers, laptops, UPSs, old CRT monitors, and printer cartridges are the majority generated and available E-waste in storage in these institutions. Results revealed that the level of awareness on hazardous nature of E-waste among the sampled population was significant. The level awareness on E-waste recycling among sampled population was also significant. There are no accurate records or inventory of ICT equipment procurement and E-waste generation and disposal in the institutions. Policies and programs on source reduction E-waste segregation and handling, facilities for E-waste recovery, recycling and reuse are practically not available in the institutions. The study concluded that there is no proper management and disposal of electronic/ICT waste in higher institutions in Rivers State. Significant numbers of respondents expressed the need for the institutions to establish an integrated electronic/ICT waste recycling center. An Integrated E-waste management system that will not only address the current poor E-waste management practices in the institutions but also achieve environmentally sound management of E-wastes in the institutions has been developed in the study.
Abdussalam, I., (2014); UPDATE ON E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Nigeria. A Presentation made at the 4th Annual Meeting of the International E-Waste Management Network (IEMN) Hanoi, Vietnam.Tavel, P. 2007 Modeling and Simulation Design. AK Peters Ltd.
Abenezer W. K., (2015); Electronic Waste Management in Educational Institutions of Ambo Town, Ethiopia, East Africa. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR).
http://gssrr.org/index.php?journal=JournalOfBasicAndApplied.
Adediran Y. A., (2011); E-Waste: Generation, Danger And Management. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Ilorin,Ilorin.
Adediran Y.A. and Abdulkarim A. (2011); Electronic Waste - A Review Of Its Sources, Inherent Dangers And Management. Annual Conf. and AGM of NSE Environment Division, Lagos, 23-24 Nov. 2011
Adediran Y.A. and Abdulkarim A. (2012) CHALLENGES OF ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA. International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, July 2012. ISSN: 2231-1963
Aduwa-Ogiegbaen, S. E., & Iyamu, E. O. S. (2005). Using Information and Communication Technology in Secondary Schools in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects. Educational Technology & Society, 8 (1), 104-112.
Aguele L. I., (No date): Information and Communication Technology in Universities in Nigeria: Challenges for Teaching and Learning
Agyeman O. T., (2007); SURVEY OF ICT AND EDUCATION IN AFRICA: Nigeria Country Report.
Arsham H., (1996): Questionnaire Design and Surveys Sampling
Balde C.P., Kuehr R., Blumenthal K., Fondeur Gill S., Kern M., Micheli P., Magpantay E., and Huisman J. (2015), E-waste statistics: Guidelines on classifications, reporting and indicators. United Nations University, IAS - SCYCLE, Bonn, Germany. 2015.
BAN/SVTC, (2002); The Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (2002). Exporting Harm: the High Tech Trashing of Asia.
Belboom, S., Renzoni, R., Deleu, X., Digneffe, J.-M., Leonard, A., 2011. Electrical waste management effects on environment using life cycle assessment methodology: the fridge case study. In: SETAC EUROPE 17th LCA Case Study Symposium Sustainable Lifestyles, Budapest, Hungary, p. 2.
Brunner P. H. and Rechberger H., (2004); Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis. Lewis Publishers, A Crc Press Company Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Chatterjee S. and Kumar K., (2009); Effective electronic waste management and recycling process involving formal and non-formal sectors. International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 4 (13) pp. 893-905.
CIWMB (2004); Best Management Practices For Electronic Waste. Contractor’s Report to the Board, Integrated Waste Management Board. Santa ClaraCounty Department of Environmental Health San Jose, California.
C-Tech (2007); An Integrated Approach to Electronic Waste (WEEE) Recycling. C Tech Innovation Ltd, Capenhurst Technology Park, Capenhurst, Chester, CH1 6EH.
Dalrymple, I., Wright, N., Kellner, R., Bains, N. et al. (2007). An integrated approach to electronic waste (WEEE) recycling. Circuit World, 33, (2), 52.
Dejo O., (2012); ‘Menace of E-Wastes in Developing Countries: An Agenda for Legal and Policy Responses’,8/1 Law, Environment and Development Journal p. 59, available at http://www.lead journal.org/content/12059.pdf
Dharna T. and Nidhi G. D., (2014), E-waste Management: An Emerging Challenge to Manage and Recover Valuable Resources. International Journal of Environmental Research and Deelopment. ISSN 2249-3131 Volume 4, pp. 253-260 © Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com/ijerd.htm
Earth Day, (2011); TAKING CHARGE OF ELECTRONIC WASTE: Make it safe or take it back! Workers Health & Safety Centre, www.whsc.on.ca
EAUC, (2011); ICT (or e-Waste) at your institution. Environmental Association for Universities and Colleges, www.eauc.org.uk
Empig E. E., and Tobias E. (no date); Technologies for Sustainable E-Waste Management Solutions. DiSDS ICT4SD, MSU – Iligan Institute of Technology.
Ernest K. B., (2015); E-waste Management Practices in the Kumasi metropolitan area of Ghana: status and challenges. Norwegian University of Life Science (umb) Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric).
Fisseha M., (2011); The Roles of Information Communication Technologies in Education. A Review Article with Emphasis to the Computer and Internet
GOV.UK, (2016); Classify different types of waste. https://www.gov.uk/how-to classify-different-types-of-waste/electronic-and-electrical-equipment.
Greenpeace, (1994); Lead Astray: the Poisonous Lead Battery Waste Trade, A Greenpeace Report, 6.
Hester, R.E. & Harrison, R.M. (eds.) (2009). Electronic Waste Management: Design, Analysis and Application. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. 105 Dalrymple et al., op.cit.
Handout 10 (2012); Workshop Materials on WEEE Management in Taiwa.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-05/documents/handout-10 circuitboards.pdf
Harold S., (2013); E-waste Management in Canada: Current Topics White Paper Series. Schroeder & Schroeder Inc.
Horie, Y.A., 2004. Life cycle Optimization of Household Refrigerator–Freezer Replacement. Natural Resources and Environment. University of Michigan, Michigan, USA, p. 81.
Ideho B. A., (2012); E-WASTE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA Social and Public Policy Master’s Program in Development and International Cooperation Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä Finland.
Jang YC, Townsend TG (2003);. Leaching of lead from computer printed wire boards and cathode ray tubes by municipal solid waste landfill leachates. Environ Sci. Technol. 2003;37:4778–4. [PubMed]
Jeff D., (2011); The Evolution of Classroom Technology
John B. C., Chamhuri S., Rawshan A. B., and Ahmad F. M., (2012); The challenges of e-waste management among institutions: a case study of UKM. UKM Teaching and Learning Congress. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 59 (2012 644 – 649 Elsevier Ltd.
Kang H. and Schoenung J.M., (2005); Electronic Waste Recycling a review of U.S. infrastructure and technology options. Resource conservation and recycling 45, pp 368-400, Elsevier.
Katharina K. P., (2013); ‘The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal’ 107 Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law) 434. See also Iwona Rummel Bulska ‘Compliance and Enforcement of the Basel Convention on control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal’ Fifth International Conference on Environmental Compliance and Enforcement at 419.
Keirsten, S. and Michael, P. (1999). A Report on Poison PCs and Toxic TVs, Silicon Valley Toxic Coalition, available online
http://svtc.org/cleancc/puds/poisonpc.htm
Kiddee P., Naidu R., Wong M. H., (2013); Electronic waste management approaches: An overview. J. Elsevier Ltd.
www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman
Kitila A. W., 2015 Electronic Waste Management in Educational Institutions of Ambo Town, Ethiopia, East Africa. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)(2015) Volume 24, No 4, pp 319-331.
Krubu D. E. and Osawaru K. E., (2011); The Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Nigerian University Libraries Library Philosophy and Practice. http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/
Legendre, P. 2010. Coefficient of concordance. Pp. 164-169 in: Encyclopedia of Research Design, Vol. 1. N. J. Salkind, ed. SAGE Publications, Inc., Los Angeles. 1776 pp. ISBN: 9781412961271.
Longe O.B., and Boateng R., (2009); ICT for Development in Nigeria Towards an Alignment with ICTD4 2.0nternational Centre for IT & Development Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Volume 19, No. 3,
Lynne and Stephan, 2004); ELECTRONIC WASTE (E-Waste) Problems Overview. Presented as part of WASTE NOT, WANT NOT (WN)2: Environmental Issues of E-Waste. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
Manhart A., Osibanjo O., Aderinto A., Prakash S., (2011); Informal e-waste management in Lagos, Nigeria – socio-economic impacts and feasibility of international recycling co-operations. Final report of component 3 of the UNEP SBC E-waste Africa Project. A Socio-economic assessment and feasibility study on sustainable e-waste management in Nigeria
Michael H., (2015); A History of Education Technology. institute-of-progressive education-and-learning.http://institute-of-progressive-education-and learning.org/a-history-of-education-technology/
MoEF, (2008), Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste. Ministry of Environment & Forests Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi, India.
Monika and Jugal K., (2010); E-Waste Management: As a Challenge to Public Health in India. Indian J Community Med.; 35(3): 382–385. PMCID: PMC2963874.
MUHANI D. A., (2012); A Framework for Sustainable E-Waste Management in Manufacturing and Processing Industries, Industrial Area Nairobi County, Kenya. Department of Environmental Planning and Management. A Research Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Environmental Planning and Management in the School of Environmental Planning and Management of Kenyatta University.
Namias, J., (2013); The Future Of Electronic Waste Recycling In The United States: Obstacles and Domestic Solutions. Earth Engineering Centre, Columbia University
NESREA, (2013), update on E-waste Management in Nigeria. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Nigeria. A Presentation made at the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Global E-Waste Management Network (GEM3), San Francisco, USA.
Obaje S. O. (2013), Electronic Waste Scenario in Nigeria: Issues, Problems and Solutions. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726 www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 11ǁ PP.31-36
Ogungbuyi O., Nnorom I. C., Osibanjo O., Schluep M., (2012); e-Waste Country Assessment Nigeria. e-Waste Africa project of the Secretariat of the Basel Convention
Petheeswari V. and Kalpana Devi P., (2012), Focus on E-waste: Effects on Environment and Human Health. International Journal of Novel Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, www.ijntps.com
Puckett, J., Westervelt, S.Gutierrez, R. and Takamiya, Y., 2005. The digital dump: Exporting re-use and abuse to Africa. The Basel Action Network, Seattle, USA, 85 pp. www.ban.org/banreports/10-24-05/documents/thedigitaldump_print.pdf.
Pure Earth and Green Cross Switzerland, (2015); 2015 World’s Worst Pollution Problems. http://www.worstpolluted.org/2015-report.html.
Ramachandra T.V., * Saira V. K., (2004); ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND OPTIONS FOR E-WASTES MANAGEMENT. Envis Journal of Human Settlements
Research Unit (2011); E-Waste In India. Research Unit (Larrdis) Rajya Sabha Secretariat New Delhi
Russell, M. (2006) Technology and Assessment: The Tale of Two Interpretations, Information Age Publishing (pp. 137 152)
Schluep M, Müller E, Ott D, Rochat D., (2012); e-Waste Assessment Methodology Training & Reference Manual. E-Waste Africa project of the Secretariat of the Basel Convention. Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Switzerland
Schroede H., (2013) E-waste Management in Canada. Current Topics, White Paper Series. President, Schroeder & Schroeder Inc.
Sunil H., (2009); Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste: Emerging Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for Material Recovery and Recycling. Inaugural Meeting of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia, Meguro Gajoen, Tokyo, Japan
Terada, C., 2012. Recycling electronic waste in Nigeria: Putting environmental and human rights at risk. NW. J. Int’l Human Rights 10(3) 154.sociation for Thomson, R., Ed W., and Rohit S. G., (2013); Patent Landscape Report on E-Waste Recycling Technologies World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO Tinio, V.L. (2002). ICT in Education: UN Development Programme.
http:www.eprmers.org UNEP, (2009); United Nations Environmental Program & United Nations University (2009). Recycling: from E-waste to Resources.
UNEP, (2007), E-waste. Volume II: E-waste Management Manual
Uzochukwu E.,and Nwosu H. U., (2004); The Anatomy of Computers. Gaby Publishers, Aba, Nigeria
“We Recycle” (n.d.) Facts and Figures. Retrieved from
http://www.reciclemos.net/docs/pdf%20ingles/Facts%20and%20figures.pdf
Widmer R, Oswald HK, Sinha DK, Schnellmann M, Heinz B (2004). Global perspectives on e-waste. Environ Impact Assess Rev.; 25:436–58.
WRAP, (2014); Techniques for Recovering Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Final Report. www.wrap.org.uk/WEEE
Yanagitani, K., Kawahara, K., 2000. LCA study of air conditioners with an alternative refrigerant. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 5, 287–290.
Yanhong, Z., Zhigang, S., Chujiang, C., Shulin, M., Yushan, X., (2008), The reuse of non-metals recycled from waste printed circuit boards as reinforcing fillers in the polypropylene composites, Journal of Hazardous Materials.
Zada L., (2011): Trade in Hazardous Waste: Environmental Justice Versus Economic Growth Environmental Justice and Legal Process Action Network (BAN), Macquarie University, Australia Basel
Zielke R., (2014) Addressing E-Waste to Reach Campus Sustainability Goals. Turning e-waste on campus into revenue for higher institutions. University Business, September 2014Sannella, M. J. 1994 Constraint Satisfaction and Debugging for Interactive User Interfaces. Doctoral Thesis. UMI Order Number: UMI Order No. GAX95-09398., University of Washington.
All Content should be original and unpublished.