Exploring the Relationship Between Primary School Teachers' Perceptions and Practices of Formative Assessment in Maldivian Primary Schools
Downloads
This research explores the perception and implementation of formative assessment among primary school teachers in the Maldives. The study involved 316 teachers in a structured questionnaire survey using a quantitative research approach. The findings indicated that teachers consider formative assessment crucial in promoting self-awareness, strengths and weaknesses, and cultivating a growth mindset among students. The study also revealed that teachers' instructional practices were closely aligned with their positive beliefs. However, the study also identified improvement areas, particularly self-assessment opportunities during assignments. The research established a strong and statistically significant positive correlation between teachers' perceptions and practices, emphasizing the importance of nurturing positive beliefs in advancing the effective implementation of formative assessment in the classroom. The study's findings could inform the development of targeted professional development strategies and collaborative platforms in primary education. Future research should consider cultural and contextual factors and examine the impact of formative assessment on student outcomes.
Allal, L. (2020). Assessment and the co-regulation of learning in the classroom. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 27(4), 332–349.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2019.1609411
Almahal, E. A., Osman, A. A. A., Tahir, M. E., Hamdan, H. Z., Gaddal, A. Y., Alkhidir, O. T. A., & Gasmalla, H. E. E. (2023). Fostering formative assessment: teachers’ perception, practice and challenges of implementation in four Sudanese medical schools, a mixed-method study. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 247. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04214-3
Andrade, H. L., Bennett, R. E., & Cizek, G. J. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of Formative Assessment in the Disciplines. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315166933
Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2009). Developing the theory of formative assessment. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 21(1), 5–31.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-008-9068-5
Creswell, J. H. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (P. A. Smith, Robb. Christina, & M. Buchholtz, Eds.; Fourth). Pearson.
http://repository.unmas.ac.id/medias/journal/EBK-00121.pdf
DeLuca, C., Chapman-Chin, A., & Klinger, D. A. (2019). Toward a Teacher Professional Learning Continuum in Assessment for Learning. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/10627197.2019.1670056, 24(4), 267–285.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10627197.2019.1670056
Di Biase, R. (2017). Mediating global reforms locally: A study of the enabling conditions for promoting active learning in a Maldivian island school. International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives, 16(1), 8–22.
http://openjournals.library.usyd.edu.au/inex.php/IEJ/index
Di Biase, R. (2018). Moving beyond the teacher-centred/learner-centred dichotomy: implementing a structured model of active learning in the Maldives. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2018.1435261
Di Biase, R., & Maniku, A. A. (2021).
Transforming Education in the Maldives. In P. M. Sarangapani & R. Pappu (Eds.), Handbook of Education Systems in South Asia (pp. 545–573). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0032-9_14
Dongyu, Z., & Wanyi, D. (2013). Sociocultural Theory Applied to Second Language Learning: Collaborative Learning with Reference to the Chinese Context. International Education Studies, 6(9).
https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v6n9p165
Ersel Kaymakamoglu, S. (2017). Teachers’ Beliefs, Perceived Practice and Actual Classroom Practice in Relation to Traditional (Teacher-Centered) and Constructivist (Learner-Centered) Teaching (Note 1). Journal of Education and Learning, 7(1), 29.
https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v7n1p29
Fatmawati, A., Purnawarman, P., & Sukyadi, D. (2021). Formative Assessment and Self-Regulated Learning during Pandemic Era. Tell: Teaching of English Language and Literature Journal, 9(2), 72–85.
https://doi.org/10.30651/tell.v9i2.9305
Hai, N. Van. (2021). Vietnamese English teachers’ views on formative assessment management and suggestions to improve student motivation. Linguistics and Culture Review, 6(August 2021), 363–379.
https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v6ns1.2054
Hung, L. T., Ha, L. T. H., & Vy, N. T. P. (2022). Assessment for Learning: Perspectives, Beliefs and Practice of School Teachers in Vietnam. VNU Journal of Science: Education Research, 38(2), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1159/VNUER.4638
Johnson, C. C., Sondergeld, T. A., & Walton, J. B. (2019). A Study of the Implementation of Formative Assessment in Three Large Urban Districts. American Educational Research Journal, 56(6), 2408–2438.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831219842347
Kalykbayeva, A., Autayeva, A., Orazayeva, G., Kassymzhanova, G., Zhigitbekova, B., & Bekmuratova, G. (2022). The Attitude of Teachers toward Students’ Self-Assessment of Educational Achievements in Inclusive Education Lessons. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 17(2), 643–651. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v17i2.6859
Kulasegaram, K., & Rangachari, P. K. (2018). Beyond “formative”: assessments to enrich student learning. Advances in Physiology Education, 42(1), 5–14.
https://doi.org/10.1152/ADVAN.00122.2017
Leenknecht, M., Wijnia, L., Köhlen, M., Fryer, L., Rikers, R., & Loyens, S. (2020). Formative assessment as practice: the role of students’ motivation. Undefined, 46(2), 236–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2020.1765228
Lui, A. M., & Andrade, H. L. (2022). The Next Black Box of Formative Assessment: A Model of the Internal Mechanisms of Feedback Processing. Frontiers in Education, 7, 20.
https://doi.org/10.3389/FEDUC.2022.751548/BIBTEX
Macdonald, D. M. (2021). Teacher Perspectives on Formative Assessment within a Primary Teacher Perspectives on Formative Assessment within a Primary Classroom [Dissertation, Teaching & Learning, Old Dominion University]. https://doi.org/10.25777/nmct-hd61
Makkonen, R., & Jaquet, K. (2020). The Association between Teachers’ Use of Formative Assessment Practices and Students’ Use of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies. Study Snapshot. REL 2021-041. Regional Educational Laboratory West. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED609121&site=ehost-live
Martin, C. L., Mraz, M., & Polly, D. (2022).
Examining Elementary School Teachers’ Perceptions of and Use of Formative Assessment in Mathematics. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 14(3), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2022.253
Ministry of Education, & Ministry of Higher Education. (2019a). Maldives Education Sector Plan 2019-2023. Ministry of Education. http://saruna.mnu.edu.mv/jspui/handle/123456789/5710
Ministry of Education. (2019b). Maldives Education Sector Analysis. Ministry of Education. https://www.globalpartnership.org/content/maldives-education-sector-analysis-2019
Pantiwati, Y., & Husamah. (2017). Self and peer assessments in active learning model to increase metacognitive awareness and cognitive abilities. International Journal of Instruction, 10(4), 185–202. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.10411a
Paulo, A. (2014). Harnessing assessment’s power to improve students’ learning and raise achievements: What and how should teachers do? International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 8(1), 136–148.
Eachempati, P., & Ramnarayan, K. (2019). Ten Maxims of Formative Assessment. Advances in Physiology Education, 43, 99–102.
https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00173
Rakoczy, K., Pinger, P., Hochweber, J., Klieme, E., Schütze, B., & Besser, M. (2019). Formative assessment in mathematics: Mediated by feedback’s perceived usefulness and students’ self-efficacy. Learning and Instruction, 60, 154–165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.01.004
Schildkamp, K., van der Kleij, F. M., Heitink, M. C., Kippers, W. B., & Veldkamp, B. P. (2020). Formative assessment: A systematic review of critical teacher prerequisites for classroom practice. International Journal of Educational Research, 103, 101602. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJER.2020.101602
Sebatane, E. M. (1998). Assessment and Classroom Learning: a response to Black & Wiliam. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 5(1), 123–130.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0969595980050108
Shakeel, M. (2014). Pedagogy and Assessment Guide Acknowledgements (pp. 7–10). Ministry of Education. http://www.nie.edu.mv
Thomas, C., Brown, B., & North, E. in the. (2021). Formative assessment strategies used to support group work. Education in the North, 28(2), 134–155.
United Nations Educational, S. and C. O. (2006). UNESCO IBE - World Data on Education, 6th edition - Bahrain. In United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/Countries/WDE/2006/ASIA_and_the_PACIFIC/Maldives/Maldives.htm
Waheed, Z., Tham, J., & Keat, O. B. (2023). A Systematic Review of Teachers’ Perspectives on Formative Assessment Practices in Primary Schools: Conceptions, Challenges, and Influential Factors. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Organizational Studies, 18(1), 1177–1198. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.18848/2324-7649/CGP
Zeng, J., & Huang, L. (2021). Understanding Formative Assessment Practice in the EFL Exam-Oriented Context: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774159
Zlabkova, I., Petr, J., Stuchlikova, I., Rokos, L., & Hospesova, A. (2021). Development of teachers’ perspective on formative peer assessment. International Journal of Science Education, 43(3), 428–448.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zidhna Waheed, Jacquline Tham, Ooi Boon Keat

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All Content should be original and unpublished.

