Current Status and Challenges in the Control of Foot-And-Mouth Disease in Vietnam: Epidemiological, Vaccination, and Molecular Perspectives (2021–2024)
Downloads
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) continues to pose a substantial threat to livestock production in Vietnam, primarily due to the dominance of smallholder farming systems and inadequate biosecurity practices. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the current status, epidemiological trends, and control measures for FMD in Vietnam, with particular emphasis on recent outbreaks, molecular identification of viral serotypes, and regional comparisons.
Drawing on official data from national surveillance programs, peer-reviewed molecular studies, and international reports spanning 2007 to 2024, the research identifies serotype O (Southeast Asia topotype, Mya-98 lineage) as the most commonly detected strain in Vietnam. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a high degree of genetic similarity between Vietnamese isolates and strains circulating in neighboring countries such as China, South Korea, and Laos.
Despite advancements in domestic vaccine development and production, Vietnam continues to face major challenges, including inconsistent disease surveillance, limited sample collection from historical hotspots, and inadequate implementation of nationwide vaccination strategies. Genetic divergence among circulating strains further underscores the need for continuous molecular monitoring and periodic vaccine updates.
Compared to regional counterparts, Vietnam lags in terms of outbreak response capacity, laboratory infrastructure, and inter-agency coordination. To improve FMD control and progress toward eradication, it is essential to enhance local surveillance systems, strengthen regional collaboration, and adopt a more dynamic and data-driven vaccination policy.
Arzt, J., Pacheco, J. M., & Rodriguez, L. L. (2010). The early pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle after aerosol inoculation: Identification of the nasopharynx as the primary site of infection. Veterinary Pathology, 47(6), 1048–1063. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985810372509
Farmers Weekly. (2007). Foot-and-mouth symptom guide. Retrieved August 6, 2007, from http://www.fwi.co.uk/Articles/2007/08/04/105713/foot-and-mouth-symptoms.html
Stenfeldt, C., Pacheco, J. M., Borca, M. V., Rodriguez, L. L., & Arzt, J. (2014). Morphological and phenotypic characteristics of myocarditis in two pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O or A. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 56(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-014-0042-6
Stenfeldt, C., Pacheco, J. M., Smoliga, G. R., Bishop, E., Pauszek, S. J., Hartwig, E. J., ... & Arzt, J. (2014). Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA and capsid protein in lymphoid tissues of convalescent pigs does not indicate existence of a carrier state. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12235
Nguyen, V. D., Trinh, T. B. N., Le, Q. H., Bui, T. T. N., Kang, B. K., O, J., Nguyen, T. L., & Le, V. P. (2020). O/SEA/Mya-98 lineage foot-and-mouth disease virus was responsible for an extensive epidemic that occurred in late 2018 in Vietnam. Veterinary Microbiology, 165, 2487–2493.
Le, V. P., Nguyen, T., Park, J.-H., Kim, S.-M., Ko, Y. J., Lee, H.-S., ... & Lee, K.-N. (2010). Heterogeneity and genetic variations of serotypes O and Asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated in Vietnam. Veterinary Microbiology, 145(3–4), 220–229.
Le, V. P., Nguyen, T., Lee, K.-N., Ko, Y. J., Lee, H.-S., Nguyen, V. C., ... & Park, J.-H. (2010). Molecular characterization of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Vietnam in 2009. Veterinary Microbiology, 144(1–2), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.033
Nguyen, N. H., Nguyen, T. Q., Lai, D. C., Nguyen, T. A. M. D., & Nguyen, M. N. (2023). Phylogenetic and genotypic characteristics of the foot-and-mouth disease virus from outbreaks in southern Vietnam. Virology, 582, 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2023.03.010
Khang, T. D., & Khanh, N. P. (2024). Phylogenetic and genotypic characteristics of foot and mouth disease virus in cattle in Tra Vinh province, Vietnam. Veterinary World, 17(12), 2858–2864. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2858-2864
Cottam, E. M., Wadsworth, J., Shaw, A. E., Rowlands, R. J., Goatley, L., Maan, S., ... & Knowles, N. J. (2008). Transmission pathways of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the United Kingdom in 2007. PLoS Pathogens, 4(4), e1000050.
Valdazo-González, B., Polihronova, L., Alexandrov, T., Normann, P., Knowles, N., Hammond, J., ... & King, D. P. (2012). Reconstruction of the transmission history of RNA virus outbreaks using full genome sequences: Foot-and-mouth disease virus in Bulgaria in 2011. PLoS ONE, 7(11), e49650.
Lee, H. S., Pham, T. L., & Wieland, B. (2020). Temporal patterns and space-time cluster analysis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) cases from 2007 to 2017 in Vietnam. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 67(2), 584–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13370
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Foot-and-mouth disease. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease
North Dakota Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Foot-and-mouth disease. Retrieved from https://www.ndda.nd.gov/divisions/animal-health/diseases/foot-and-mouth-disease
Le, V. P., Vu, T. T. H., Duong, H. Q., Than, V. T., & Song, D. (2016). Evolutionary phylodynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A circulating in Vietnam. BMC Veterinary Research, 12, 269. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0896-0
OIE–FAO. (2012). The Global Foot and Mouth Disease Control Strategy: Strengthening Animal Health Systems through Improved Control of Major Diseases (p. 43). FAO, Rome, Italy.
World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (n.d.). Foot-and-mouth disease. Retrieved from https://www.woah.org/en/disease/foot-and-mouth-disease/
Báo Chính Phủ. (n.d.). Phê duyệt Chương trình quốc gia phòng, chống bệnh lở mồm long móng. Retrieved from https://baochinhphu.vn/phe-duyet-chuong-trinh-quoc-gia-phong-chong-benh-lo-mom-long-mong-102281285.htm (in Vietnamese).
AMAVET. (n.d.). Việt Nam kiểm soát tốt bệnh lở mồm long móng trên gia súc. Retrieved from https://amavet.com.vn/tin-tuc/viet-nam-kiem-soat-tot-benh-lo-mom-long-mong-tren-gia-suc/45 (in Vietnamese).
Bộ KH&CN. (n.d.). Việt Nam sản xuất thành công vắc-xin lở mồm long móng. Retrieved from https://www.most.gov.vn/vn/tin-tuc/15263/viet-nam-san-xuat-thanh-cong-vac-xin-lo-mom-long-mong-.aspx (in Vietnamese).
Cục Thú Y. (n.d.). Công bố sản xuất thành công vắc-xin lở mồm long móng tại Việt Nam. Retrieved from https://cucthuy.gov.vn/-/c%C3%B4ng-b%E1%BB%91-s%E1%BA%A3n-xu%E1%BA%A5t-th%C3%A0nh-c%C3%B4ng-vacxin-l%E1%BB%9F-m%E1%BB%93m-long-m%C3%B3ng-t%E1%BA%A1i-vi%E1%BB%87t-nam (in Vietnamese).
Copyright (c) 2025 Vo Thi Hai Le, Trần Trung Mỹ, Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All Content should be original and unpublished.
